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//We live, not feeling the country beneath us,//

//Our speech inaudible ten steps away,//

//But where they're up to half a conversation --//

//They'll speak of the Kremlin mountain man.//

//His thick fingers are fat like worms,//

//And his words certain as pound weights.//

//His cockroach whiskers laugh,//

//And the tops of his boots glisten.//

//And all around his rabble of thick-skinned leaders,//

//He plays through services of half-people.//

//Some whistle, some meow, some snivel,//

//He alone merely caterwauls and prods.//

//Like horseshoes he forges decree after decree --//

//Some get it in the forehead, some in the brow,//

//some in the groin, and some in the eye.//

//Whatever the execution -- it's a raspberry to him//

//And his Georgian chest is broad.//

---Osip Mandelstam, //We Live, Not Feeling//, 1934? media type="youtube" key="wTeIu2mMeuA" height="360" width="480" media type="youtube" key="y26XsANjgjU" height="360" width="640"

**Reasons for the Rise of Fascism in Germany:** **Characteristics of National Socialist Rule:** **An Evaluation of National Socialism:** **An Evaluation of Nazi Economic Policy:** =Hitler as a single party state useful sites= [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
 * The economic collapse of Germany after 1929 (main reason)
 * The lack of democratic roots in Germany
 * Under the Weimar republic it was impossible to secure a majority in parliament (this depicted democracy as a weak Gov. system)
 * The president had the authority to declare a state of emergency (Hitler used Hindenburg’s ability to do this in order to establish his dictatorship)
 * The fear of communism (Hindenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor as a result of such fears)
 * The Nazis exploited the weakness of the Weimar system and often used violence against their opponents
 * The Nazis made use of propaganda to shape public opinion
 * The Nazis used resentment against the Versaille Settlement to their ends.
 * Some other political parties did not support democracy and represented potential allies for Hitler
 * Germany became a one party state
 * Hitler was supreme within the party and he was taken as the personification of National Socialism.
 * Totalitarianism was introduced
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Education was controlled
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Strict censorship of the media
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">All non-Nazi youth movements were banned and replaced (ie: by movements such as Hitler Youth)
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The churches were brought under Nazi control
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Trade Unions & strikes were banned
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The use of terror was made to crush all resistance
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The army was brought under Nazi control
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Officers swore loyalty to Hitler
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Gradually Nazi officers filled army ranks
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The non-Nazi commander and war minister were removed in scandals at least engineered by the Nazis
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The S.S. was built up
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The Nazis made great use of propaganda
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">The economy (see notes on inter-war period)
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Racism / The Aryan Germans were declared to be the ‘Master Race’
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Expansionism / Hitler claimed to reunite all Germans and Nazi interests centered on obtaining land in Europe
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">There was a close identity btw party and state
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Centralization of power
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Failed in the long run and brought disaster to Germany
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Brought short term benefits (see notes on Economic Problems)
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Drove to exile Germans who could have contributed greatly for Germany (ie: Einstein)
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">There was strict censorship of art, literature and academic life; which all did not flourish under the Nazis
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Women’s rights suffered
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Loss of civil liberty
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Nazi extremism brought about Allied extremism and eventually events such as civilian bombings (ie: Dresden)
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Some successes: construction of autobahns, establishment of enterprises like Volkswagen, and scientific advances in areas such as synthetics, and rocketry.
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Measures reducing U. marked w/ a * represented a manipulation of statistics
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Increases in output were directed to the armed forces (this meant recession was inevitable except in the case of war)
 * <span style="background-color: #e7e9dc; color: #4e4f43; font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Economic improvements were accompanied to loss of individual freedom